Deep sequencing of blood and gut T-cell receptor β-chains reveals gluten-induced immune signatures in celiac disease

Dawit A. Yohannes1,2, Tobias L. Freitag1,3, Andrea de Kauwe1,2, Katri Kaukinen4, Kalle Kurppa5, Pirjo Wacklin6, Markku Mäki5, T. Petteri Arstila1,3, Robert P. Anderson7,9, Dario Greco8,10 & Päivi Saavalainen1,2 1Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 2Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 3Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 4Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. 5Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 6Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Helsinki, Finland. 7Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia. 8Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 9Present address: ImmusanT, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA. 10Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.