Memory B Cells Activate Brain-Homing, Autoreactive CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

Ivan Jelcic,1 Faiez Al Nimer,1,2 Jian Wang,1 Verena Lentsch,1 Raquel Planas,1 Ilijas Jelcic,1 Aleksandar Madjovski,1 Sabrina Ruhrmann,2 Wolfgang Faigle,1 Katrin Frauenknecht,3 Clemencia Pinilla,4 Radleigh Santos,5 Christian Hammer,6,7 Yaneth Ortiz,1 Lennart Opitz,8 Hans Gronlund,9 Gerhard Rogler,10 Onur Boyman,11 Richard Reynolds,12 Andreas Lutterotti,1 Mohsen Khademi,2 Tomas Olsson,2 Fredrik Piehl,2 Mireia Sospedra,1 and Roland Martin1 1Neuroimmunology and MS Research Section (NIMS), Neurology Clinic, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland 2Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden 3Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland 4Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies (TPIMS), San Diego, CA, USA 5Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies (TPIMS), Port St. Lucie, FL, USA 6School of Life Sciences, E cole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 7Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 8Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland 9Therapeutic Immune Design Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden 10Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland 11Department of Immunology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland 12Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK